Luminol Chemiluminescence Test for Blood

The luminol chemiluminescence reaction is responsible for the glow of lightsticks. The reaction is used by criminalists to detect traces of blood at crime scenes. In this test, luminol powder (C8H7O3N3) is mixed with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and a hydroxide (e.g., KOH) in a spray bottle. The luminol solution is sprayed where blood might be found. The iron from the hemoglobin in the blood serves as a catalyst for the chemiluminescence reaction that causes luminol to glow, so a blue glow is produced when the solution is sprayed where there is blood. Only a tiny amount of iron is required to catalyze the reaction. The blue glow lasts for about 30 seconds before it fades, which is enough time to take photographs of the areas so they can be investigated more thoroughly. Heres how you can detect blood yourself or demonstrate how to do it: Luminol Materials luminol stock solution (2 g luminol 15 g potassium hydroxide 250 mL water)3% hydrogen peroxide in water (common over-the-counter concentration)potassium ferricyanide or a sterile blood lancet and sterile alcohol pad Performing the Test or Demonstration In a clear test tube or cup, mix 10 ml of the luminol solution and 10 ml of the peroxide solution.You can activate the glow either by adding ~0.1 g of potassium ferricyanide to the solution or with a drop of blood. The blood must be on the alcohol pad. The forensic test is for dried or latent blood, so the reaction between the alcohol and fresh blood is necessary. Notes About the Luminol Test In addition to iron and iron compounds, other substances can catalyze the luminol reaction. Copper and its compounds, horseradish, and bleach also cause the solution to glow. So, you could substitute any of these materials for the drop of blood or potassium ferricyanide in the demonstration. Similarly, the presence of these chemicals at a crime scene affects testing for blood. If a crime scene was washed in bleach, for example, the whole area would glow when sprayed with luminol, making it necessary to use a different test to find traces of blood.If you are doing the reaction as a chemiluminescence demonstration, you can kick the display up a notch by dissolving the potassium ferricyanide in the peroxide solution and using a fractionating column or glass spiral to react the solutions rather than a test tube. You could pour a small amount of fluorescein in the bottom of a flask, pour the potassium ferricyanide solution through the spiral into the flask, and (in a darkened room) finish by adding the luminol solution. The spiral will glow blue as it passes through the column, but the glow will change to bright green once the luminol touches the fluorescein in the flask.Dont drink the luminol solution. Dont get it on your skin or in your eyes. If you prepare a spray bottle of luminol solution to check for traces of blood, keep in mind the solution might be damaging to some surfaces. Thats not a big factor at a crime scene, but its something to keep in mind at home or in class. Dont spray upholstery or clothing or people.The quantities of chemicals yield a super-bright demonstration, but you  can use much less luminol (~50 mg) and still achieve enough luminescence for a demonstration or for crime work. How the Luminol Test Works The iron in the hemoglobin found in blood catalyzes an oxidation reaction in which the luminol gains oxygen atoms while losing nitrogen and hydrogen. This produces a compound called 3-aminophthalate. The electrons in the 3-aminophthalate are in an excited state. Blue light is emitted as energy is released when the electrons return to the ground state. Learn More The luminol test is only one method used to detect blood. The Kastle-Meyer test is a chemical test used to detect extremely small quantities of blood. If you have leftover potassium ferricyanide, you can use it to grow naturally red crystals. Although the chemical name sounds scary, with the cyanide word in it, its actually a very safe chemical to use.

Dna Evidence Of A Dna Unit Within A Crime Lab - 1551 Words

Today in the crime world, DNA evidence is strongly accepted in solving crime cases. This is all based in part by allowing a crime laboratory to have a designated unit whose main goal is to analyze DNA evidence to aid investigators with positive outcomes in crime case solving. With that being said we are going to discuss the functions of a DNA unit within a crime lab as well as address the vital role these units play in solving crime. Let’s start by defining what in fact is DNA analysis. According to the FBI’s crime lab, the DNA analysis process can take place when bodily fluid stains and other biological tissues are found on physical evidence collected from a crime scene (FBI DNA Casework Unit, 2016). The DNA testing results obtained from evidence samples are compared to DNA from reference samples collected from known individuals. Such analyses may be able to associate victims and suspects with each other, with evidence items, or with a crime scene (FBI DNA Casework Unit, 2016). The FBI and other national crime labs can conduct nuclear, Y-chromosome, and or mitochondrial DNA testing depending on the technology and funds appropriated to the unit. Smaller fielded units would probably not be able to do some testing which would result in them forwarding evidence or using other assets with greater capabilities. DNA is the genetic material that makes up the characteristics of all living organisms. While all human DNA is very similar in nature, there is just enough differences inShow MoreRelatedThe Louisiana State Police Crime Laboratory1045 Words   |  5 PagesThe Louisiana State Police Crime Laboratory was developed to provide the highest quality of professional forensic services to the State of Louisiana. The commitment of the agency includes applying sound scientific principles in all analyses, being responsive to our customers, conducting our operations in a fair and objective manner, and being a leader in advancing forensic science. 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This also instructs the trainee the significance of how to avoid tampering with evidence and how to properly collect a sample. The men and women

China Global Imbalances, Reserve Currency and Global Economic Free Essays

Global imbalances, Reserve currency, and Global economic governance The accepted hypotheses for the root cause of global economic imbalances are: 1)East Asian economies’ export-led growth: recently the integration with international markets leads to an import and export expansion making the trade surpluses in EA dramatically increase. It had a great success in EA producing higher living standards and poverty rates declining. This cannot be the main cause for the emergence of large global imbalances in 2000 and thereafter since before 2000 EA economies’ TB were roughly balances. We will write a custom essay sample on China Global Imbalances, Reserve Currency and Global Economic or any similar topic only for you Order Now )Self-insurance motivation for foreign currency reserve accumulation: after the financial crises in the late 1990s, emerging market economies in EA increased their CA surpluses substantially, and they experienced rising international reserves. After 2005 Chinese surpluses and reserves are too large to be justified by the self-insurance motivation. 3)China’s exchange rate policy: the g. i. started to grow in 2002 and China has been accused of causing the imbalance sustaining a large undervaluation of its real exchange rate since 2003, but it is not true because: †¢China trade surplus did not become large until 2005 RMB appreciated against US$ by 20% in 2005-2008 but the global imbalances continued to grow †¢Most other developing countries also increased their CA surpluses in the same period (if exchange rate was the cause, the other countries that compete with China would have experience declining trade surpluses and reserves) The need for an alternative hypothesis: these hypotheses imply that the EA economies are driving the g. i. but is not consistent with the basic statistics. While the US trade deficits with China did increase substantially, the share of the US trade deficit due to EA economies as a region actually declined significantly. The three hypotheses surely contributed but they cannot be the main cause of the global imbalances. An alternative hypothesis consistent with the data: it views the g. i. as a result of the status of the US $ as the major global reserve currency, combined with: †¢The lack of appropriate financial sector regulation due to deregulation in the 1980s. The federal reserve’s low interest rate policy following the burst of the â€Å"dotcom† bubble in 2001. These policy changes led to excessive risk-taking and higher leverage, producing excess liquidity and â€Å"bubbles† in the US markets, which enabled the US overconsumption that increased the US CA deficit. As China had become the major producer of labor-intensive processed consumer goods by 2000, the US ran a large deficit with China, which ran trad e deficits with the EA economies that provided intermediate products to China. The excess liquidity also led to the large outflow of capital to developing countries, which enhance their investment and consequently in large trade surpluses in capital-goods exporting countries and natural resources exporting countries. Since the US is the reserve currency issuing country, the foreign reserves accumulated through trade/capital account surpluses in other countries would return to the US leading to the US CA surplus. Why did China stand out in the global imbalances? : the large CA surplus in China reflects high domestic savings. There are several commonly accepted hypotheses about China’s high households saving rate: such as the lack of well-developed social safety net and the demographics of an aging population. But the uniqueness of China’s savings is the large share of corporate savings, which are driven by the excessive concentration of the financial system that serves the big firms, low taxation on natural resources, and monopolies in some sectors. Reforms are required for removing these distortions and increasing consumption. The role of the reserve currency in global imbalances: the status of the $ as the major global reserve currency, combined with the financial deregulation of the 1980s and the low interest rate policy of the 2000s, led to the emergence of global imbalances. To prevent their recurrence, the ultimate solution is to replace national currencies as global reserve currencies with a new global currency, but US is unlikely to give up its reserve-issuing privilege to a global body (IMF). A more likely scenario is the emergence of a basket of reserve currencies with some changes in the basket’s consumption and weights. A win-win solution for the global recovery: the most urgent challenges are high unemployment and the large excess capacity in high-income industrialized countries. Win-win solutions for the global recovery and long-term growth could be based on new international financial arrangements along with structural reforms in both high-income and developing countries. On the financial front it could be created a global recovery fund (supported by hard-currency countries and large-reserve countries and managed by multilateral development banks) to finance investments to release bottlenecks and enhance productivity in developing countries. These investments would increase the demand for capital goods produced in high-income countries, reduce their unemployment now, and enhance the developing countries’ growth in the future. The fund could be complemented by structural reforms in high-income and developing countries to create space for investment and to improve the efficiency of investment. 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Instant Noodle Market An Economic Indicator in the Philippines Essay Example For Students

Instant Noodle Market: An Economic Indicator in the Philippines Essay Introduction Background of the Study With the Philippines’ declining economic system. people are going more concerned with their outgos and are switching their ingestion to cheaper options. Such an option for nutrient is instant because these instant noodles are non merely tasty and filling. but besides really inexpensive. These three qualities have made it really popular among consumers who are fastening their budget. This paper aims to demo that the increasing popularity and gross revenues of this instant noodles are straight related to the declining status of the Philippines’ economic system. When consumers experience lower income and lower degree of passing power they tend to replace cheaper. lower quality goods for comparatively more expensive. higher quality goods. In this visible radiation. instant noodles are going an index of the country’s economic public presentation. Additionally. this increased ingestion of instant noodles brings about many wellness and economic deductions. Statement of the Problem In the current deteriorating province of the Filipino economic system. instant noodles. because of their affordability and convenience. are easy replacing traditional nutrient basics and at the same clip. going an economic index. In this research. the writer focal point on how instant noodles are deriving popularity in the Philippines in relation to this product’s features and the influences of the economic system and income per capita. The paper would besides work out the undermentioned inquiries: how the ingestion degree of instant noodles is declarative of the country’s economic activity? What are the deductions that the turning ingestion of instant noodles may hold on the Filipino economic system and the wellness of the population? Importance of the survey More cognition on this subject could turn out utile to understanding how the instant noodle market could go an effectual gage of a country’s public presentation and the province of life. In add-on. by diging into the topic. more information may be made available and would let future surveies to look more closely on how instant noodles may be improved to further profit the general population. Besides. the turning industry may be turn out to be utile as a mechanism of supplying labour and other signifiers of economic benefits for the state. As poorness continues to be rampant and resources remain scarce. instant noodles may turn out to be a solution to some of the jobs faced by the Philippines today. Scope and Limitation of the Study The research will concentrate on the consumer activity of families with comparatively low income and how it would associate to the economic system. The study for this paper will be conducted with 30 respondents at Brgy. 617. a comparatively destitute urban community situated in Sampaloc. Manila. The interview will besides take topographic point in the said barangay. Capable: AccountingSubject of Subject: Instantaneous NoodlesSubject: The effects of noodles to those household who has low income Purpose: The intent of this research is to farther increase the apprehension of how the economic province of a state affects its consumers’ behaviours towards instant noodles or even similar merchandises. Title: Instantaneous Noodles Becoming a Replacement for Traditional Food Staples in Brgy. 617 Sampaloc. Manila and an Index of the Filipino Economy.